Scope of IoT certification:

1. Zigbee proprietary, short-range, low-cost and secure

 2.Z-Wave has short distance, low cost and high reliability

3. LoRa is proprietary, remote, inexpensive and secure

4.LTE-M cellular technology

 5.NB-IoT cellular technology

6.White-Fi and HaLow have low cost, extended range, but low security

7. ZETA has wide coverage, low cost and low power consumption

8. UWB transmission rate is high, space capacity is large, cost is low, and power consumption

Inspection introduction/ Inspection Introduction

Zigbee proprietary, short-range, low-cost and secure

Zigbee, similar to Bluetooth, is a low-power, low-data-rate, short-range ad hoc wireless network that supports mesh network topology, uses the IEEE802.15WPAN specification, provides data rates of 250kbps, 40kbps, and 20kbps, and can only work in the range of 10 to 100 meters. Zigbee mesh networks can contain up to 65000 devices, which is twice what Bluetooth LE can support. Zigbee was first conceived in 1998, standardized in 2003, and revised in 2006. Zigbee’s name comes from the swing dance of bees, and its trademark belongs to the Zigbee Alliance, which is responsible for maintaining and publishing Zigbee standards. According to its website information, there are hundreds of millions of devices using Zigbee technology. Zigbee is very popular among IoT device manufacturers, providing most of the basic functions users need (connectivity, range, security) and, as an open industry standard, allows interoperability with any Zigbee certified device. Complaints among OEMs are the cost of joining the alliance, certification and the lack of open GPL licenses because OEMs must be members of the alliance to use their technology. Zigbee is mainly used for home automation applications such as smart lighting, smart thermostats and home energy monitoring. It is also commonly used in industrial automation, smart instrumentation and security systems.

Z-Wave short distance, low cost, and high reliability

Similar to ZigBee, Z-Wave is a radio-frequency-based, low-cost, low-power, high-reliability, and network-suitable short-distance wireless communication technology. The structure of Z-Wave is a source-routed mesh network, where all devices are connected to a central hub, usually a router or gateway. The network itself consists of three layers that work together to ensure that all devices can communicate simultaneously. The radio layer defines how signals are exchanged between the network and radio hardware, while the network layer determines how to control the data exchanged between nodes and devices. In addition, the application layer allocates messages to specific applications to complete tasks like turning on lights. The working frequency band of Z-Wave is 908.42MHz(United States)~868.42MHz(Europe), adopts FSK(BFSK/GFSK) modulation method, and the data transmission rate is 9.6kbps. The effective coverage range of the signal is 30m indoors and can exceed 100m outdoors. It is suitable for narrowband applications. Z-Wave technology is designed for residential, commercial lighting control and status reading applications such as meter reading, lighting and appliance control, HVAC, access control, theft prevention and fire detection. Z-Wave converts any stand-alone device into an intelligent network device, allowing for control and wireless monitoring. When Z-Wave technology was originally designed, it was positioned in the field of smart home wireless control. Transmission is adopted in small data format, and a transmission rate of 40kb/s is sufficient. Compared with other wireless technologies of its kind, it has relatively low transmission frequency, relatively long transmission distance and certain price advantages.

LoRa is proprietary, remote, inexpensive and secure

Similar to Zigbee,LoRaWan is a proprietary technology defined and controlled by the nonprofit LoRa Alliance. The main difference is that Zigbee is a short-range IoT protocol designed to tightly connect multiple devices, while LoRa focuses on wide area networks. LoRa is particularly suitable for long-distance communication. Its modulation method greatly increases the communication distance compared with other communication methods, and can be widely used in the field of long-distance low-rate Internet of Things wireless communication in various occasions. Such as automatic meter reading, building automation equipment, wireless security systems, industrial monitoring and control, etc. It has the characteristics of small size, low power consumption, long transmission distance, and strong anti-interference ability. The antenna gain can be adjusted according to actual application conditions. The LoRaWAN network architecture is a typical star topology. In this network architecture, the LoRa gateway is a transparent relay that connects terminal equipment and servers. The gateway and the server are connected through standard IP, while the terminal equipment communicates with one or more gateways using a single hop, and all nodes communicate in both directions. The LoRa gateway and modules are networked in a star network manner, while the LoRa modules can theoretically be networked in a point-to-point polling manner, but the point-to-point polling efficiency is much lower than that of a star network. The gateway can realize multi-channel parallel reception and process multiple signals at the same time, which greatly increases the network capacity. LoRa network composition, but with the increase in LoRa equipment and network deployments, certain spectrum interference will occur between them.

LTE-M Cellular Technology

LTE-M is a cellular technology specifically designed to meet the needs of Internet of Things or machine-to-machine communication applications. LTE-M is a wireless system for mobile telecom operators and is supported by industry associations GSMA and 3GPP Standards Organization. One of the main advantages of LTE-M is its potential for connectivity, and it is a system suitable for tracking moving objects for long periods of time. “This technology improves indoor and outdoor coverage and supports a large number of network architectures with low throughput devices, low latency sensitivity, ultra-low device costs, and low device power consumption,” the GSMA said. Because LTE-M works over a cellular network, it can be used to monitor, control and receive information from IoT devices in transportation vehicles such as trucks, trains, ships, etc. When the LTE network is not available, the system can fall back to WCDMA(3G) or

GPRS/EDGE(2G) to stay connected. LTE-M also provides positioning services based on cellular base station positioning without the use of satellite-based systems such as GPS or Galileo. For OEMs who need to equip their equipment with a basic positioning system, this feature provides significant cost savings. However, the advantage of LTE-M is security. Cellular-connected devices require a SIM chip, which can be embedded in the circuit board and pre-provisioned at the factory to set keys and signatures. Once the SIM card is configured with embedded keys, these keys cannot be modified without physical access to the device. SIM is a security module that provides NSASuiteBAES-256 encryption and authentication. Another advantage of LTE-M is that it can remain connected even during power outages. Because it is connected to a cellular network, it does not require an access point (AP) and can remain connected as long as the IoT device battery is working properly. This is why cellular-based IoT connectivity is widely used in critical applications such as power grids, home, office security and fleet management. The problem with LTE-M is its high cost. To use the system, you need to subscribe to carrier services and you need to have a SIM card in each connected device.

NB-IoT cellular technology

NB-IoT is built on a cellular network and consumes only about 180kHz of bandwidth. It can be directly deployed on a GSM network, a UMTS network or an LTE network to reduce deployment costs and achieve smooth upgrades. NB-IoT focuses on low-power and wide-coverage of the Internet of Things market and is an emerging technology that can be widely used in a range. It has the characteristics of wide coverage, multiple connections, low speed, low cost, low power consumption, and excellent architecture. NB-IoT uses the License frequency band and can adopt three deployment methods: in-band, guard band or independent carrier to coexist with existing networks. NB-IoT has four major characteristics: First, wide coverage, which will provide improved indoor coverage. In the same frequency band, NB-IoT gains 20dB compared to existing networks. It is equivalent to improving the coverage area by 100 times; Second, it has the ability to support connections. NB-IoT can support 100,000 connections in one sector, supporting low latency sensitivity, ultra-low equipment costs, low equipment power consumption and optimized network architecture; Third, lower power consumption, and the standby time of NB-IoT terminal modules can be up to 10 years; Fourth, lower module costs, companies expect a single connected module to be no more than US$5.

White-Fi and HaLow have low cost, extended range, but low security

Both IEEE802.11af(white-Fi) and IEEE802.11ah(HaLow) use previously licensed spectrum and do not interfere with traditional Wi-Fi signals in the 2.4GHz and 5GHz bands, or with 2G and 3G cellular networks. Some spectrum is shared with certain LTE channels used in the United States. White-Fi leverages the digital dividend released when broadcast television shifted to digital terrestrial television and some previous UHF channels stopped operating. In the U.S. and Europe, there are different regulations for the use of digital dividend spectrum, and connected devices need to regularly look for available frequencies. HaLow extends Wi-Fi to the 900MHz band, making it possible for low-power connections needed for applications such as sensors and wearables. Since this frequency can be used for basic communications for free, HaLow is the Wi-Fi standard for IoT. HaLow’s problem is that the unlicensed spectrum within the scope is not uniform:HaLow’s operating frequency in the United States is 900MHz·In Europe is 850MHz·In China is 700MHz·In many countries there is no even operating spectrum. Due to the characteristics of the low-frequency band, neither of these technologies is suitable for high-speed or large-capacity data transmission. However, they can be used to provide connectivity to a large number of deployed devices. HaLow can provide data rates as low as 150kbps. Connections below 1GHz are also critical for the new generation of low-power devices, whose battery life typically takes several years. For billions of sensors and monitoring devices deployed in cities around the world, this battery performance is significant. HaLow also provides some power-saving features such as Target Wake-Up Time (TWT) and Traffic Indication Map (TIM). Enabling loT devices to communicate at selected time intervals, saving battery power.In 2017, the IEE introduced another Wi-Fi standard for the Internet of Things:802.11ax(later officially renamed WiFi6). Compared with HaLow, the advantage of 802.11ax is that it uses 2.4GHz and 5GH bands, making it more suitable for the local Internet of Things. In terms of security issues, Wi-Fi lacks protection from the secure elements and hardware encryption provided by SIM cards on cellular networks. But to deploy hundreds or thousands of wireless sensors over a large scale,white-Fi and HaLow can provide low-cost connectivity and good performance.

ZETA has wide coverage, low cost, and low power consumption

ZETA is a UNB Low Power X(LPWAN) technical protocol standard. It has the characteristics of wide coverage, low service costs, and low energy consumption. It meets the needs of low data exchange frequency, low connection costs, and suitable for a wide area in the Internet of Things environment. It can be widely used in scenarios such as material to go to business, construction, agriculture, and smart cities. As a new generation of LPWAN technology, ZETA launched “LPWAN 2.0 Ubiquitous IoT”, which aims to achieve a lower-cost, lower-power, and smarter network through continuous evolution of technology. ZETA is an LPWAN technology that supports “Mesh Ad Hoc Networking”. It has the characteristics of automatic networking without configuration, breaking points, high robustness and more stability. It can also choose the best topology and communication scheduling strategy to minimize power consumption., realizing long-distance reliable transmission in a soybean environment can save 70% of the IoT network deployment cost. ZETA self-developed Ultra-NarrowBand communication technology, with a channel bandwidth of 0.6 to 4kHz, supports a transmission rate of 100bps-50kbps, and ensures a 100% success rate of data uplink through complex network mechanisms. It has excellent anti-interference and high receiving sensitivity, and even in environments with complex interference sources, transmission channels can be found in gaps. With intelligent routing technology, it can support up to 4 hops, extending network coverage to corners where AP signals cannot reach. ZETA can cover a range of up to 15km, can support high-speed moving object data collection at 120km/h, and can extend support for 20bps-100kbps.

UWB has high transmission rate, large space capacity, low cost and low power consumption

uwB(UltraWideband) ultra-wideband technology is a brand new technology. It does not require the use of carrier waves in traditional communication systems, but transmits data by sending and receiving extremely narrow pulses with nanoseconds or less, thus having a bandwidth of the order of GHz. The most basic working principle of UWB technology is to send and receive Gaussian single-period ultra-short pulses with strictly controlled pulse intervals. The ultra-short single-period pulse determines the wide bandwidth of the signal. The receiver directly uses a front-end cross-correlator to convert the pulse sequence into a baseband signal, eliminating the intermediate frequency stage in traditional communication equipment and greatly reducing the complexity of the equipment. UWB technology uses pulse position modulation PPM single-period pulses to carry information and channel coding. The general operating pulse width is 0.1-1.5ns(1 nanosecond = billionth of a second), and the repetition period is 25- 1000ns. UWB technology has the advantages of low system complexity, low transmit signal power spectral density, insensitivity to channel fading, low interception ability, and high positioning accuracy. It is suitable for high-speed wireless access in dense multipath locations such as indoors.